On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . 214 High Street, Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. West Yorkshire, Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Spouse: None. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Doodle's Point of View Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. he could also overthrow her. France was at war with England and Spain. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. What were the causes of westward Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Copy. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. 14-16 / In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Boston House, The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. West Yorkshire, Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Boston Spa, Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. By 1568 most people had accepted. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! This meant atholics did not think . Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. VAT reg no 816865400. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Company Reg no: 04489574. One was debt. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. 1. It had to deal with Irish . No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Company Reg no: 04489574. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Boston Spa, - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. 2) This war was not a success. Foreign Affairs. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. King Philip of Spain sent an. VAT reg no 816865400. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. (*fragmentary*). Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. - navy to firth of Forth. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. West Yorkshire, - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Roman Catholics . The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. VAT reg no 816865400. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. LS23 6AD During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. West Yorkshire, The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises.

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